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Palestinians are 'stateless' but united by longing for peace, say historians_我的网站

A |     The Palestinian people make up one of the largest refugee groups in the world, often forced off their land or pushed to flee amid ongoing conflict in the region, according to the United Nations.They are stateless, their identity not defined by specific borders, but rather tied together by a collective longing for a place to call home. Their existence has long been traded and transferred by different ruling powers throughout their history, leaving their fate hanging in the balance.Palestinians are a diverse, multi-religious and multicultural group of roughly 14 million people internationally who trace their roots back to what is now known as the Israeli-Palestinian region of the Middle East.Many of them no longer remain there, spread across the globe. Those who remain in the Palestinian territory of Gaza have been under blockade, with Israel controlling nearly everything that comes in and out of the region, including food, fuel and people, and Egypt controlling Gaza’s southern border.Palestinians have been described as a "young society," with people between 15 and 29 years old comprising 30% of the population, according to the United Nations Population Fund.Amid the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict in the Middle East, Palestinians say they have been "dehumanized" and stereotyped amid the international backlash to Hamas' terrorist actions in Israel.In Gaza, at least 1,799 people have been killed in retaliatory strikes by Israel, with an estimated 7,388 more injured, numbers that are expected to climb. At least 1,300 people have been killed and 3,227 others have been injured in Israel from Hamas attacks.Palestinian historians add that the people's long history of being ignored, attacked and displaced has left many misconceptions about the population unaddressed – something they now hope to remedy."As soon as you identify with them as people – as ordinary human beings – you cannot do to them what's now being done to them right now," said Ussama Makdisi, a history professor at the University of California Berkeley.For example, support for the "Free Palestine" or liberation movement has historically been painted as antisemitic. Palestinian historians say this is another misperception.The fight for liberation, Makdisi said, is about being able to "live with dignity and equality, in a political and social and economic environment where they can thrive like any other people."According to the United Nations, 81% of the population in Gaza lives in poverty, with food insecurity plaguing 63% of Gaza citizens. The unemployment rate is 46.6%, and access to clean water and electricity remains at "crisis" levels of inaccessibility, the U.N. states."Liberation means living with equality, which everybody, I think, once they understand that, most people I would say agree with it,” says Makdisi. “It's exactly what we wish for any people in the world, any people."

'Struggle for liberation'

Despite the difficult circumstances facing Palestinians around the world and in Palestinian territories, they love life, added Yousef Munayyer, a Palestinian-American writer and political analyst."People are looking for ways in the most difficult of moments to celebrate the beauty of life, even under oppression," Munayyer said. "This does not make Palestinians unique. It just makes them as human as everybody else."All of the Palestinian scholars with whom ABC News spoke said the Palestinian passion for fighting to be able to live with dignity has stretched beyond the movement for their own people. Palestinians have been a prominent voice in grassroots activism internationally, including the 2020 anti-racism movement that began in the United States and spread overseas.The young population of Palestinians particularly has moved the needle on their community’s involvement in global social movements, historians say. Nassar believes it’s because younger generations believe their international causes are connected, united in dismantling longstanding systems of oppression.

Palestinian resiliency

The Arabic idea of "sumud," or steadfastness, is a key part of how many Palestinians understand their collective identity, according to Maha Nassar, a history and Islamic studies professor at the University of Arizona. It highlights the near-universal call for liberation, freedom and equality among Palestinians existing in a region under constant conflict – a yearning for peace on Palestinian lands.Sumud can manifest in many ways. It could be as simple as proclaiming one's pride in their Palestinian heritage, or as complicated as grassroots organizing in social movements."Palestinians around the world have taken immense pride and gone to great lengths to ensure that their Palestinian culture and identity is not erased, just because their state does not yet exist," said Nassar.。

B |     来自凯斯西储大学医学院的Pamela Davis是这项新研究的共同作者，他解释说：“人们对阿尔茨海默病的发展因素知之甚少，但有两点被认为很重要，那就是先前的感染，特别是病毒感染，以及炎症。由于感染SARS-CoV-2与包括炎症在内的中枢神经系统异常有关，我们想测试一下，即使在短期内，COVID是否会导致诊断的增加。

C | ”该研究分析了6245282名65岁以上美国人的健康记录。

D | 在15个月的时间里，这些受试者中有40多万人记录了COVID-19的感染。

E | 在接下来的360天里，与未被感染的人相比，这些COVID的幸存者被诊断为阿尔茨海默病的可能性增加了69%。女性和85岁以上的人患阿尔茨海默病的风险增加幅度最大。尽管这种阿尔茨海默病风险的增加听起来令人震惊，但重要的是要把它放在一个更广泛的背景下。研究人员明确指出，在COVID-19之后，65岁以上人群的总体阿尔茨海默病风险仅从0.35%增加到0.68%。因此，虽然这在技术上意味着一个人在感染COVID之后的一年中被诊断为阿尔茨海默病的风险增加了一倍，但这也意味着65岁以上的人仍然只面临非常低的绝对患病风险。此外，研究人员谨慎地指出，目前还不清楚这种病毒是否引发了阿尔茨海默病的新发展，或者只是加速了先前存在的神经变性的进展。

F | 考虑到阿尔茨海默病是一种在症状出现之前缓慢发展数年，甚至数十年的疾病，这些新的阿尔茨海默病病例不太可能完全由新冠病毒引起。尽管如此， Davis确实强调，即使是疾病进展的加速也可能在不久的将来导致一波阿尔茨海默病病例。而且这还是在我们了解COVID-19可能带来的长期神经系统影响之前。Davis补充说：“如果这种新诊断的阿尔茨海默病的增加能够持续下去，那么目前没有治愈的疾病的患者浪潮将是巨大的，并可能进一步使我们的长期护理资源紧张。阿尔茨海默病是一种严重的、具有挑战性的疾病，我们认为通过减少一般的风险因素，如高血压、心脏病、肥胖和久坐的生活方式，我们已经扭转了这种疾病的一些趋势。现在，美国有这么多人感染了COVID，而COVID的长期后果仍在显现。

G | 继续监测这种疾病对未来残疾的影响是很重要的。

H | ”之前的研究已经在病毒感染和神经退行性疾病之间建立了一个相对有力的联系。而且研究人员自该大流行病开始以来一直在警告，我们可能会在未来十年内看到帕金森和阿尔茨海默病的病例激增。

I | 在今年早些时候发布了另一项研究，将COVID-19与神经系统疾病的风险增加联系起来之后，英国阿尔茨海默病研究中心的Sara Imarsio明确强调，现在了解这种大流行病的长期影响还为时尚早。而这些初步研究只能强调病毒感染可能会加速那些已经易感的人的疾病发展。“像阿尔茨海默病这样的疾病在大脑中发展了很多年，而COVID-19自2020年初才出现在欧洲，”今年早些时候，Imarsio解释说。

J | “可能是处于阿尔茨海默病非常早期阶段的人更容易染上像COVID-19这样的疾病。虽然这些发现的宣布可能令人担忧，但我们需要在同行评议的出版物中看到这项研究的结果，然后才能从这项研究中得出任何真正的结论。”这项新研究发表在《阿尔茨海默病杂志》上。

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